Why Did the Frog Cross the Road?
It’s a rainy spring night in Keene, NH, as the sun begins to set. Rain drops fall on my windshield, and it’s a steady forty-three degrees outside.
It’s wet, it’s dark, and the snow has melted. Conditions are perfect.
This might seem like crummy weather, but this is exactly the kind of night the salamanders and frogs have been waiting for. They’re just waking up from hibernating all winter – and they’re making the annual journey to nearby wetlands and vernal pools to mate and lay eggs. This is the amphibian migration season in New Hampshire - and tonight, they’re going to be on the move.
But here lies the problem. These frogs and salamanders will likely have to cross a few roads to get there – and the odds are not in their favor. Hopping across pavement is a little bit like Russian roulette. Each year, countless numbers of amphibians are killed by cars.
And that’s where the Salamander Crossing Brigade comes in – a hardy group of locals who go out on rainy nights to move salamanders and frogs off the road.
“Oh, I’m sure that many people think that we’re crazy for doing it!" says Brett Thelen, the science director for the Harris Center for Conservation Education. She leads citizen science programs in the region, including the volunteers (or salamander people) who are out here tonight.
"For some people, they see the value in it but it's just not their cup of tea. But for the people who love it, they come back year after year. It becomes a real tradition. It’s like a community of salamander people which is really cool. But I can totally understand why many other people wouldn’t want to do this!"
Amphibians Receive a Helping Hand
Brett is out here almost every rainy night. She wears a reflective vest and holds a flashlight, scanning the pavement for any creatures that might need a hand.
“Basically, we’re just going to walk back and forth down the road, shining our flashlights and looking for frogs in the road and salamanders," says Thelen. "We pick them up when we see them, and keep count of what we find by species and whether they are alive or dead. And in fact, I see a wood frog, so I’m going to hustle up there to grab that [frog] before any cars come through."
Brett is constantly on the move. It’s honestly hard to keep up with her. She jogs up and down the road in her swishy rain pants, gently picking up frogs in both hands and carrying them to the other side - making sure that the animal is still going in the same direction as before.
And that’s actually important.
Some of these frogs are crossing the road to go to the vernal pools to breed. And others are migrating out of the vernal pools and going back to the woods, where they spend most of their lives.
Brett marks each amphibian species on her clipboard, and also includes their direction of travel.
Tenacious Frogs, Grumpy Toads and Smiling Salamanders
Brett has been out here for years, but she still gets excited on nights like this. I ask her if she has a soft spot for one species in particular.
"Oh, I love them all," says Brett. "I really admire wood frogs for their tenacity and their ability to come out on these really cold, early spring nights when you can’t imagine that any amphibian could possibly be stirring. And yet, there they are...And toads are so cool because they always look grumpy and I love that about them. And everybody loves spotted salamanders because they are incredible. They're really charismatic. They have the most serene smiles. These incredible yellow polka dots. They're always everybody's favorite too, and they're mine too. So I guess I have four or five favorites. But it's good to have many favorites, right? (laughs) Instead of just the one."
Brett isn’t alone out here on this rainy night. There’s a handful of fellow volunteers out here doing the same thing, picking up frogs with the same exact level of enthusiasm.
"Oh, hi! How are you?" says Bill Stroup, a salamander crossing brigadier from Keene, NH. "We’re going to help this nice wood frog, I believe. Let's take a closer look. (Gasps.) Look. Beautiful!"
I ask Bill what the frog feels like.
"Oh, really soft! Really soft. This one is as squishy as an Easter candy! (laughs) But a little colder."
"One thing I like about the crossing brigades is that it turns upside down your sense of what’s good weather. Because most of the time, people think of good weather as 72 [degrees] and you just want to have a margarita and put up your feet. But now, it can be 49 [degrees] and rainy - and I think 'here we go!' (laughs) That’s kind of a nice gift of spring!"
(car passes)
"Sometimes I shine a light on myself so they know that we are here. 'Hi guys!' Most people are nice. Every now and again they come tearing by in a hurry, or think they are."
I ask Bill if people in the community know why they're out here.
"Sometimes it’s really sweet. We’ve had a couple of occasions when in the last few years we’ve been doing this where someone will stop and they might even live just down the street from a place where there is spotted salamanders and wood frogs and spring peepers and Jefferson salamanders and others but especially the spotted salamanders. If they’ve never seen them before, they just can’t believe that they live so close to such a beautiful creature and it's really special to see them stop like that. And sometimes people will get out and want to help but you worry about them because they might be in high heels or wearing all black. (laughs) I'm like, "Okay, don't get hit!"
"Whenever I see a car after we just crossed somebody, like Brett is about to cross a wood frog up here...it always makes me feel good, because I think, 'okay that’s one that might have gotten squished.' But I'm usually out with my fourteen-year old daughter and ten-year-old son, but they are feeling cold and already showered and not quite up to it tonight. But they like it a lot too. They realize how much they're learning about the animals and trying to help them."
"I think what it’s taught me is if I really don’t have to go someplace on a rainy night in the spring when the ground is clear - like one little ingredient that I could probably do without for a dish - I try not to drive. That’s one thing that’s really changed for me besides loving the animals. One car, on a little errand that seems so important at the time, can really squish a lot of friends."
Road Mortality
Even with a bunch of volunteers out here combing the street tonight, it’s still impossible to keep all the frogs and salamanders safe.
Brett bends down and picks up a frog that’s been flattened on the road. It’s a foot away from the edge of the pavement, and was almost in the clear to enter the vernal pool.
"Aww, almost made it! Didn’t make it. That sucks," says Brett. "You know, how many cars have come through here? Barely any! And still they’re getting hit."
Only the frog’s leg is recognizable and intact. The rest of the body is mangled, with its organs falling out onto the pavement. She tosses the frog’s body to the side of the road so scavengers such as raccoons won’t get hit by cars too. She then marks the frog fatality on her clipboard.
Right now, it’s just one frog, but it’s representative of what’s going on at a bigger scale.
"There was a study in New Jersey, that found that an average rate of fifteen cars per hour was enough to kill more than half of the amphibians that were on the road. And fifteen cars per hour is not very many."
Saving a couple dozen frogs and salamanders in a single night might seem like a drop in the bucket, but it’s important to recognize the long-term impact. A spotted salamander can live up to 30 years – and that means that there are decades when the animal can breed and boost a population. When a salamander is killed by a car, we’re not just losing out on one salamander but the multiple generations that would have been created.
“There are hundreds if not thousands that are dying on the roads every rainy night. The ones who are dying are the breeding adults. Spotted salamanders are a fairly long-lived species. They're breeding in wetlands that dry up each year. So in any given year, there's a pretty good chance that that vernal pool will dry up before their eggs hatch and their young mature and are ready for life on land. So it’s not uncommon for them to have years of catastrophic breeding failure. So if you remove those breeding adults from the population, then over time, you might not have spotted salamanders anymore. And of course, you could also make the argument that every individual is worthy, just because they are a being who is alive that is deserving of our care. But I do think that there's a scientific argument too for really making sure to protect the breeding adults of the populations of long-lived species."
It's Not Easy Being Green
Cars aren’t the only things hurting amphibians these days. In fact, researchers believe that in the last 30 years, an estimated 200 amphibian species have gone extinct.
"Globally, amphibians are in decline. They’re struggling particularly from habitat loss and disease and certainly climate change will continue to play a role in the spread of disease, the impact of the diseases and also for our local amphibians and their breeding in vernal pools and temporary wetlands, how long will those pools hold water each year. Will it hold water long enough for the young salamanders and frogs to metamorphose and get out of that pool for life on land? So that's a big question. There’s certainly other research that shows that there are a lot of challenges facing amphibians. And road mortality is a huge challenge. There's studies that have shown jaw dropping numbers of amphibians dying on roads each year. And on top of all of those other stressors, they need all of the help that they can get."
Since starting the program, the salamander crossing brigades have helped more than 35,000 amphibians to cross the road. But Brett acknowledges that the crossing brigades’ work is labor intensive, and not necessarily the best solution for the problem. But this is all part of a bigger plan.
"A better solution for the long term would be to have detours around these sites or to temporarily close these roads or in some places they are putting in tunnels to allow the amphibians to pass under the road and to not have to deal with traffic. And I think those all make a lot of sense, but you can’t have any of those things until you know where the crossings are and until you have data to justify closing a road for instance. You wouldn’t need to close a road for five salamanders but you might want to close a road for 500 salamanders on a given night. Our goals are in the long term is to try to inform some of the community level decision making and get people inspired to start think about closing the roads for critters every once and a while."
A Familiar Face (and Spots)
And it’s not just random amphibians crossing here. Spotted salamanders have site affinity, and cross the same roads year after year to use the same exact same vernal pools. And we know this because the volunteers keep track. Spotted salamanders have bright yellow polka dots on their backs that are like fingerprints – no two are the same.
"We've been taking pictures of the spotted salamanders that cross the road at this site for the last four years. Every year, we encounter at least one or more individuals who we’ve moved across the road before. Which is really exciting to think of them as individuals and not just a generic salamander.”
Conclusion
As the night goes on, the rain starts to let up and it starts to feel a little colder. I notice that there seems to be fewer and fewer frogs who are trying to cross. Brett agrees.
"It is winding down yeah. The rain is slowing, the temperature is cooling. This is what happens when things start to slow down. Plus, the people start to get wound down a little bit too. Once the night reaches a certain time, people get tuckered out."
Brett shares her tally for the night.
"My tally is 21 wood frogs, and 30 peepers, and one spotted salamander. And one red-backed salamander…But I know that Bill was here, and he didn't give me his tally. My guess is that he will probably double that. Which is still, for this site, a small night. But it's not nothing."
As I walk down the road, it starts to sink in how many frogs are killed here on a given night in the springtime. Humans - myself included - will never give up cars, and it seems like an endless battle that amphibians can never win.
Brett agrees, but shares her own optimistic perspective.
"It really causes me to think about our use of cars. And the damage that we're doing, without even knowing that we're doing it. And there are nights when people are just driving by - we've got signs up, cones up, and people out - and they're still zooming right by. That of course is upsetting. But the bigger picture of this is that it’s hopeful. It's people taking time out of their nights to be uncomfortable in service to another species."
"It's a really meaningful thing for all of us who are out here... to see what's happening, to be part of this amazing phenomenon of the spring migration. To even witness it, even if you're not helping them across the road... the idea of thousands of amphibians moving across the landscape, all at the same time, while the rest of you are indoors sleeping or just tucked away. It’s something special and magical that we all get to be a part of."
